Spain’s revolution against Franco: The great betrayal

The story of the Spanish revolution of the 1930s is quite well known to most people on the left, but there is a surprising level of ignorance concerning the events that occurred subsequently. History did not cease with the victory of Franco in 1939. And the story of how the Franco dictatorship was eventually brought down by the revolutionary movement of the Spanish workers is an inspiring one.

Under the most difficult and dangerous conditions, Spanish workers launched a strike wave, which, in its intensity and duration, has no parallel anywhere. There was nothing remotely like this in Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy or Salazar’s Portugal. This was a genuine revolution, which could and should have gone far further than it did. If it did not finally succeed, that was no fault of the working class. The Spanish revolution of the 1970s was shamefully betrayed by the leaders of the communist and socialist parties, who entered into an agreement with former fascists in order halt the movement in its tracks.

Alan Woods participated personally in the last phase of this struggle and was a witness to some of its most decisive moments. Using a wealth of documentary material from the time and also new interviews with key participants in the events, he tears away the thick veil of lies, myths and half-truths to reveal what actually occurred.

With new struggles and challenges on the order of the day in Spain and the rest of the world, it is the duty of all conscious workers and revolutionary youth to study the lessons of the past as a necessary precondition for victory in the future. This book is an important contribution to a necessary learning process and is obligatory reading for anyone who is interested in the struggle for socialism today.

Read the introductionBuy the book

Only the introduction can be read here. The whole book is in the Wellred edition. Buy the book

  1. Acknowledgements
  2. Preface

Foreword

  1. A personal note

1. The Long Night of Francoism

  1. The iron heel
  2. Fear and misery under the Franco regime
  3. The Church and the Dictatorship
  4. A religious, moral and cultural dictatorship
  5. Fascism and culture, or giving Franco a hand
  6. The Death of a Poet
  7. Education: One Law for the Rich, Another for the Poor
  8. Life in the Factories
  9. The Rural Areas: Andalusia
  10. A Vale of Tears
  11. Early Signs of Revolt
  12. The ‘Years of Development’
  13. Appetite Comes with Eating

2. The Reawakening – 1960-73

  1. The Asturian Miners
  2. Solidarity
  3. The Birth of the Workers’ Commissions
  4. The Game of Thrones, Part I: The Road to Estoril
  5. The Game of Thrones Part II: A Murky Affair
  6. A Modern Bourbon
  7. Franco Names His Successor
  8. The Assassination of Admiral Carrero Blanco
  9. Negative Consequences

3. The International Context

  1. Pamplona 1973: The Anatomy of a Strike
  2. The Authi Strike
  3. 14 July 1973: The General Strike Begins
  4. Impact of the Pamplona Strikes
  5. Walking on a Tightrope
  6. Revolution in Portugal – 1974
  7. Impact of the Portuguese Revolution in Spain
  8. To Invade or Not to Invade?
  9. Morocco and the Sahara Question
  10. A Hated Regime
  11. My first visit to Spain
  12. The Underground in Barcelona
  13. Explosive mood
  14. A May Day march in Barcelona
  15. A hard school

4. The Death of a Dictator: The Church in Self-Preservation Mode

  1. The Church Asks for Forgiveness
  2. Interview with a Worker Priest
  3. The new heroes of democracy
  4. A Macabre Episode
  5. Death of a Dictator
  6. The Game of Thrones Part III: At Franco’s Bedside

5. March 1976: The Floodgates Open

  1. In Madrid
  2. The Madrid Metro
  3. The mood in Madrid
  4. Revolt of the students
  5. Intellectuals and Artists Against Franco
  6. The Arias Government
  7. Fraga and Areilza
  8. Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
  9. Feet of Clay
  10. ‘Reform’
  11. Torture
  12. The Game of Thrones IV: Checkmate
  13. The King’s New Suit of Clothes
  14. The Regime Looks to Europe

6. Vitoria: The Turning Point

  1. Activists Remember
  2. How it All Began
  3. Lock-out
  4. Vertical Union Versus Representative Committees
  5. The Assemblies
  6. Demonstrations
  7. Solidarity: The Role of Women
  8. Call to Action
  9. An Eventful Journey
  10. “A small-scale Soviet”
  11. 3 March as I Saw it
  12. The massacre
  13. “A Massacre? Ok, That’s Good. Over.”
  14. A Grim Aftermath
  15. In Carabanchel
  16. Who Gave the Order?
  17. The Policy of Social Anaesthesia

7. The Irresistible Rise of Adolfo Suárez 1976-77: “A normal Man”

  1. The Office Makes the Man
  2. The King Goes to Washington
  3. Arias Reform Shipwrecked
  4. A Government Suspended in Mid-air
  5. The Éminence Grise
  6. The Dismissal of Arias
  7. The “Man of the Moment”
  8. The Triumph of Mediocrity
  9. “What a Mistake, What a Terrible Mistake!”
  10. The Law of Political Reform
  11. Unrest Among the Generals
  12. Suárez and the opposition
  13. The December Referendum

8. Seven Days in January: “A Superficial, Controlled Democracy”

  1. The Murder of María Luz
  2. The Atocha Massacre
  3. Mood of Anger
  4. Operation Gladio: the Italian Connection
  5. Right-Wing Terror in Italy
  6. The return of Carrillo
  7. “Come Into my Parlour, Said the Spider to the Fly”
  8. Suárez Drags His Feet
  9. Legal, at Last!
  10. Fury of the Generals
  11. Who Was the Winner?

9. The Communist Party

  1. An interlude in Moscow
  2. Eurocommunism and National Reconciliation
  3. The Democratic Junta
  4. The ‘Democratic Platform’
  5. The ‘Platajunta’
  6. The reforma pactada
  7. The ABC of Politics
  8. Carrillo’s bombshell
  9. How the Leaders Justified the Sell-out
  10. Rallying to the Flag
  11. The Correlation of Forces

10. The Socialists: The PSOE

  1. The Toulouse Congress
  2. The German Connection
  3. Insurrection in Athens
  4. Alarm in Washington – and in Bonn
  5. The SPD Changes Horses
  6. The Friedrich-Ebert Foundation
  7. And What Do We Do?
  8. Dealing With Dictatorship
  9. Discretion! Discretion! And Yet More Discretion!
  10. He Who Pays the Piper Calls the Tune
  11. The Young Socialists Sixth Congress
  12. The Destruction of the Young Socialists
  13. The Role of ‘Seminars’: Preparing the Ground
  14. Felipe: I Am Not a Marxist
  15. The Twenty-eighth Congress: González Blackmails The Party
  16. The PSOE Abandons Marxism

11. The National Question

  1. The Reconquista
  2. Spain’s Slow and Ignoble Decline
  3. The Basques Under Franco
  4. The Birth of ETA
  5. The Burgos Trial
  6. Basque Autonomy
  7. In Prison
  8. The Barcelona Bombing
  9. Marxism and Terrorism
  10. Andalusia
  11. Catalonia
  12. ‘Operation Tarradellas’
  13. The Right of Self-Determination
  14. The Only Solution

12. The Strange Birth of a ‘Parliamentary Monarchy’: The Fascists

  1. Ferment in The Police
  2. The Armed Forces
  3. What Was the UCD?
  4. King and Shah: The Missing Millions
  5. The General Elections of 1977
  6. Setback for the PCE
  7. The Line of Least Resistance
  8. Suárez Gains a Breathing Space
  9. The Moncloa Pacts
  10. The New Constitution: The Suárez Reform Made Flesh
  11. Did the People of Spain Vote for a Monarchy?

13. The Turn of the Tide: The Sick Man of Europe

  1. A Death in Andalusia…
  2. …And Terror in San Fermín
  3. The Workers’ Movement
  4. The PCE in Parliament
  5. Throwing Lenin Overboard
  6. Crisis of the Centre
  7. The General Election of 1979
  8. The PSOE and the Election
  9. The PCE and the Elections
  10. The National Question and the Election
  11. The Workers’ Statute and the AMI
  12. The Unions Legalised
  13. The Workers’ Movement Begins to Ebb
  14. Right, Turn!
  15. The Problem of Leadership

14. Decline and Fall: Demoralisation

  1. Disillusionment
  2. The PCE
  3. Deadlock
  4. The King and Queen
  5. The King’s Speech
  6. A Nest of Reaction
  7. The Offensive Against Suárez
  8. Carlos Ferrer Salat
  9. The tipping point
  10. The Church Declares War
  11. The death of Arregi
  12. The Fall of Suárez
  13. Calvo-Sotelo: The Final Agony of the UCD

15. The 23 February Coup

  1. Who was Tejero?
  2. General Milans del Bosch
  3. Alfonso Armada and the King
  4. Why the Delay?
  5. Sabino Remembers
  6. Sabino’s Testimony
  7. The Masses Take to the Streets
  8. Lahn’s Conversation With Juan Carlos
  9. The Trial of the Coup Leaders
  10. All’s well that ends well…

16. The Aftermath

  1. The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party
  2. Parliamentary Cretinism
  3. Victory of the PSOE
  4. The Death of Carrillo
  5. The PSOE in Power
  6. NATO and GAL
  7. How Felipe González Prospered
  8. Venezuela
  9. Chávez and the King
  10. Hunting Elephants can Seriously Damage Your Crown
  11. Abdication
  12. Corruption
  13. The Cifuentes Affair, or How the PP Acquires Intellect
  14. ‘A Criminal Organisation’

17. Deconstructing a Mythology: Spain’s ‘Democratic Transition’: The Fraud of the Century

  1. The Myth of Juan Carlos and Democracy
  2. The Constitution
  3. ‘Terrorism’ in Alsasua, Rape in Pamplona
  4. Freedom of Speech in Spain Today
  5. Attacks on Artistic Freedom
  6. Don’t Laugh! It May Injure Your Health
  7. The Church Today
  8. An Affront to Democracy
  9. Just Like the Good Old Days
  10. Spain’s Buried Shame
  11. The Valley of the Fallen
  12. Darkness and Light
  13. A New Awakening
  1. Postscript to the Reader of this Book
  2. Chronology

Glossary

  1. Organisations
  2. Individuals

Results