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China: From Permanent Revolution to Counter-Revolution

John Peter Roberts2016

This book answers the questions: – What was the class composition and class nature of the Chinese Communist Party when it took power in 1949? – What forces pushed the Mao regime, despite its explicitly class-collaborationist strategy, to take measures which were objectively socialist and to establish the Chinese workers’ state? – The Chinese Revolution was a practical test of both Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution and Mao’s theory of uninterrupted revolution by stages. Which theory matched reality? – The degeneration of the Chinese People’s Republic has confirmed that without a political revolution, a Stalinist regime will inevitably return to capitalism, but how did that process unfold? The author also argues that the policies adopted by the Chinese Communist party towards women were a direct measure of its revolutionary commitment. Throughout the book, how the activities of the CCP impinged upon the mass of Chinese women is used as a measure of its socialist credentials. This book also describes how the return to capitalism has meant that many of the gains made by Chinese women have been, and are being, taken away.

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Contingut

  1. Dedication
  2. Foreword
  3. Introduction

1. The First Chinese Revolution: Early Years of the Chinese Communist Party

  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Conditions for the Chinese Peasants
  3. 1.3 Industrial Development in China
  4. 1.4 The First Chinese Revolution: Sun Yat-sen and Nationalism
  5. 1.5 The Communist International 1919-1923
  6. 1.6 Summary

2. The Communist International, the Kuomintang and the CCP

  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 The Communist International and Sun Yat-sen
  3. 2.3 The ‘Bloc Within’
  4. 2.4 Summary

3. Stalin Sets the Pattern for the Chinese Revolution

  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Russia after the October Revolution
  3. 3.3 Socialism in One Country
  4. 3.4 Stalinism and Egalitarianism
  5. 3.5 Women and the Family
  6. 3.6 Stalin, Mao, and Theoretical Innovations
  7. 3.7 Chinese Students in Moscow 1923-1929
  8. 3.8 Summary

4. The Rise of the Second Chinese Revolution

  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Chiang Kai-shek’s First Coup: 20 March 1926
  3. 4.3 The Northern Expedition: from Guangdong to Shanghai
  4. 4.4 Peasants and Workers Self-Mobilise
  5. 4.5 Summary

5. The Defeat of the Second Chinese Revolution

  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Chiang Prepares his Second Coup
  3. 5.3 Shanghai Massacre
  4. 5.4 The Wuhan Debacle
  5. 5.5 Summary

6. From the Canton “Commune” to the Jiangxi “Soviet”

  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Autumn Harvest Uprisings
  3. 6.3 The Canton Uprising and its Aftermath
  4. 6.4 The 6th Congress of the CCP
  5. 6.5 The Li Lisan Line
  6. 6.6 Red Unions
  7. 6.7 Wang Ming and the 28 Bolsheviks
  8. 6.8 Peasant Soviets
  9. 6.9 Summary

7. From the Jiangxi “Soviet” to Yenan

  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Soviets and Land Reform
  3. 7.3 Women’s Liberation and the Jiangxi Soviet
  4. 7.4 The Futian Incident
  5. 7.5 The KMT Bandit Extermination Campaigns
  6. 7.6 The Tsunyi Conference and the Long March
  7. 7.7 The Red Army Arrives in Yenan
  8. 7.8 Summary

8. Yenan, the Second United Front, and the War against Japan

  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 The Second United Front
  3. 8.3 The Sian Incident
  4. 8.4 Wang Ming Returns
  5. 8.5 Women in Yenan
  6. 8.6 Yenan, the CCP and “Wild Lillies”
  7. 8.7 Summary

9. The Final Collapse of the KMT: the CCP Assumes Power

  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Mao Becomes Supreme Leader
  3. 9.3 Mao Attempts Compromise with Chiang
  4. 9.4 Chiang Breaks off Negotiations
  5. 9.5 CCP Land Policy: 1945-49
  6. 9.6 The PLA Cruises to Victory
  7. 9.7 Summary

10. The New Democracy

  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 The New Democracy
  3. 10.3 The New Democracy and Industry
  4. 10.4 The New Democracy and Women
  5. 10.5 “Under the leadership of the proletariat”?
  6. 10.6 Summary

11. The Unexpectedly Short Life of the New Democracy

  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 The First Stage of the New Democratic Regime (1949-51)
  3. 11.3 The Korean War
  4. 11.4 The Three-Antis and Five-Antis Campaigns (1951-54)
  5. 11.5 The End of the New Democracy
  6. 11.6 Can the Petty-Bourgeois be Revolutionary?
  7. 11.7 Summary

12. Establishing the Chinese Workers’ State

  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 First Five Year Plan (1953-57)
  3. 12.3 The New Democracy – a Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Government?
  4. 12.4 Proletarian Peasantry and Revolutionary Stalinism?
  5. 12.5 Summary

13. China under Mao: The Great Leap Forward

  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Let One Hundred Flowers Bloom
  3. 13.3 The Great Leap Forward and the People’s Communes 1958-1962
  4. 13.4 Lushan Conference and the 1959 Campaign against Rightist Opportunism
  5. 13.5 Working, Living, and Dying on the Communes
  6. 13.6 Summary

14. China under Mao: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
  3. 14.3 The Shanghai People’s Commune
  4. 14.4 Summary

15. China Marches Back to Capitalism

  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 A Cold Transition?
  3. 15.3 A New Economic Policy
  4. 15.4 Deng’s 1978 Turn
  5. 15.5 Tien An Men Square
  6. 15.6 “Socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics”
  7. 15.7 Integration into the World Economy
  8. 15.8 China Now World’s Second Largest Economic Power
  9. 15.9 The Chinese Communist Party and Chinese Capitalism
  10. 15.10 Summary

16. A New Chinese Working Class

  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 The Making of a New Working Class
  3. 16.3 Distinctive Features of the Chinese Proletariat
  4. 16.4 Working Conditions
  5. 16.5 The Official Trade Union
  6. 16.6 The 2015 Labour Regulations
  7. 16.7 The Growth of Inequality: Woman After the “Reforms”
  8. 16.8 Summary

17. Workers in Struggle

  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Recent Workers Struggles
  3. 17.3 Women Lead and Students Join In
  4. 17.4 Overproduction and Recession
  5. 17.5 Revolution and the Question of Leadership
  6. 17.6 Summary

18. Uninterrupted Revolution or Permanent Revolution?

  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 New Democracy – a Necessary Stage?
  3. 18.3 Mao and Uninterrupted Revolution
  4. 18.4 Permanent Revolution
  5. 18.5 Capitalist Restoration and Permanent Revolution
  6. 18.6 Summary

Postscript

  1. Financial interests of CCP leaders
  2. How local CCP leaders became major capitalists

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