The Greek Revolution and Civil War: 70 years since the Battle of Athens – Part Two

In October 1944, the last German soldiers left Greece and on the 12^th ELAS, the Greek People's Liberation Army, moved into Athens. The atmosphere among the masses was electric, especially in the working class neighbourhoods. Not only had they expelled the hated Nazi occupation, but they could feel that power was there for the taking.

Liberation and the Battle of Athens

Greek novelist Giorgos Theotokas commented: “today we feel an enormous, uncontrollable wave of popular joy lifting us and carrying us off. What this mass wants exactly, no one knows. […] The Russian Revolution is in the air, but also the French Revolution and the Paris Commune, a national liberation war and who knows what other confused elements. […] It only needs a match for Athens to catch fire like a tank of petrol.”

The deep class contradictions developing in Greece were momentarily shrouded under a veil of enthusiasm and a feeling of unity. After years of indescribable sacrifices, the foreign fascist occupiers had been defeated and the country had been liberated. The British were heralded as allies in the struggle against fascism, a portrayal that was promoted by the KKE, conveying Moscow’s position.

However, clouds were quickly gathering over the initial excitement. The British, who had played a minor role in the liberation, were rapidly moving in troops, especially into Athens – despite the fact that the war was still raging on in much of Europe. A host of Cairo bourgeois politicos, under the British umbrella, were returning, eager to reclaim their positions at the helm of Greece and to elbow out EAM, the National Liberation Front promoted by the KKE.

A “National Unity” government under Giorgos Papandreou, a Cairo politician who had played a negligible role in the resistance and who had ignored EAM’s calls to participate in the National Council in the spring, was formed with the consent of the KKE.

More worryingly, the British and their Greek minions were beginning to release from prison members of the Nazi-collaborationist Security Battalions, who could be seen roaming freely around Athens, while at the same time they pushed for the disarmament of ELAS (Greek People's Liberation Army, EAM’s armed wing).

The royalist 3^rd Mountain Brigade – which had been created by the Greek government in exile and made up of politically reliable right-wing and pro-royalist personnel – was brought back from Italy, where it had been fighting under Canadian command. A new “apolitical” National Guard that had been created by the Papandreou government and the British was commanded by right-wingers and ardent anti-communists, drawing in many quislings as officers and soldiers. Leftists were frequently barred from joining the new army.

As a consequence, the mood of the masses rapidly shifted. Enthusiasm gave way to suspicion. Confused and under pressure from the rank-and-file, the KKE withdrew from the Papandreou government on the 2^nd of December. While the Politburo continued to press for a policy of conciliation, the rest of the organisation was rapidly moving to the left.

In the morning of the 3^rd, a demonstration was held in Syntagma Square, where the unarmed protesters were shot at by snipers from police positions on the parliament building and from the British headquarters at the Grande Bretagne Hotel. Fascist provocateurs also appeared on the scene. At least 28 men and women were killed. In the evening, a militant rally of 60,000 was defiantly held on the square. The masses responded to these savage killings with a general uprising against the British imperialists and the bourgeois. The rebellion soon spread to other regions.

Thus began the Battle of Athens, also known as Dekemvriana (the December events), where as many as 25,000 people were killed. 12,000 leftists were deported to the Middle East or to concentration camps on desert islands. The British fought the uprising of the people of Athens using monstrous tactics, which included the RAF strafing and bombing working-class neighbourhoods and machinegun nests shooting down from the Acropolis, something that not even the Germans had dared to do.

The reliance on Nazi collaborators was total: in December 12,000 quislings were released from the prisons to join the fight against the capital’s working class. Nonetheless, the defeat in Athens was not strictly military. Indeed, the British had been cornered in Athens and had lost ground across Greece. At the same time, there was growing indignation in Britain against the government’s policies. The communist fighters largely disbanded the rightist National Guard.

Responsibility for the defeat lies in the policy imposed on the KKE by Stalin, who had agreed that Greece was to remain within the “sphere of influence” of British imperialism. This implied applying the concept of the “popular front” with the “democratic” or “progressive” bourgeoisie, which meant restabilising capitalism in Greece. But faced with the instinctive move of the working masses to go beyond this, the leadership of the KKE was in a state of bewilderment.

Always trailing behind events, and afraid of what the Stalinist bureaucracy in the USSR would do and of losing foreign aid, it had been trying to find a “consensus” and to rein in the masses. On January 11, 1945 a ceasefire was agreed which involved the withdrawal of the communist forces from key areas. The ceasefire set the foundations for the shameful Treaty of Varkiza of February 1945. The pact enshrined the previous tendencies: power to the bourgeois parties, disarmament and demobilisation of the communist forces.

The following months saw a savage wave of White Terror sweep across Greece, as disorganised and unarmed communists and former resistance fighters were intimidated, imprisoned, deported or murdered while the KKE leadership officially kept talking about “national unity” and “democracy” and passively complaining about the excesses of the bourgeois and the British imperialists.

Demoralisation thus set in: a quarter of the total KKE membership deserted after Varkiza. It was not until the spring of 1946 that the party changed line and renewed the armed struggle – starting thus the last open round of the Civil War. By then, however, the communists had been decimated by the repression and the masses demoralised by the defeats and the wavering of the leadership. The way was paved for the debacle of August 1949, when the last communist detachments withdrew into Albania and Yugoslavia.

The role of the British imperialists and the “progressive bourgeoisie”

In a recent article in The Guardian, Manolis Glezos, a veteran from the resistance and now a SYRIZA MEP, lamented the excesses of the British, claiming that “there was no plot to take over Athens as Churchill always maintained. If we had wanted to do that, we could have done so before the British arrived.” Such is the view of most left intellectuals in Greece and abroad. Historian Mark Mazower blames the aggressiveness of the British on their “lack of understanding” of Greek politics. All of this is aimed at hiding the real reasons why the British were so ruthless and brutal. Was Churchill’s violent offensive against the communists a mistake, an excess, or a result of ignorance?

The truth is that in attacking the working class of Athens, Churchill was being consistent to his class interests. He understood the insurmountable class cleavage that was emerging, and the subsequent unsustainability of bourgeois democracy. The expectations of the masses were too high after the revolutionary experience of the resistance, where they had had a taste of real power. The KKE leadership, riding the tiger of a mass revolutionary movement, was considered too unreliable to serve as trusted collaborators in establishing the foundations for bourgeois democracy, particularly when in neighbouring Albania and Yugoslavia similar movements were taking power. The base of support of the bourgeois parties was too narrow. Normal bourgeois democracy had become impossible.

Trotsky aptly described the breakdown of democracy in revolutionary situations: “democracy may be defined as a system of safety switches and fuses to guard against too strong currents of national or social hostility. […] Under the too high tension of class and international oppositions the safety switches of democracy fuse or burst. This is the essence of the short-circuit of dictatorship.”

In the autumn of 1944, a dual power situation had developed in Greece. On the one side stood the people’s councils and the mass partisan armies, which controlled most of the country; on the other, the bourgeois government supported by the British and leaning on an army of former collaborationists. Churchill perceived that this was an unsustainable stalemate that could only be resolved violently. To quote Trotsky again:

“Society needs a concentration of power, and in the person of the ruling class – or, in the situation we are discussing, the two half-ruling classes – irresistibly strives to get it. The splitting of sovereignty foretells nothing less than civil war. But before the competing classes and parties will go to that extreme – especially in case they dread the interference of a third force – they may feel compelled for quite long time to endure, and even to sanction, a two-power system. This system will nevertheless inevitably explode.” (Leon Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution,

Volume One: The Overthrow of Tzarism, Chapter 11, Dual Power)

As soon as the opportunity presented itself, Churchill logically sought an early violent showdown and a civil war to impose a monarchical dictatorship in alliance with the quislings, the only secure form of bourgeois regime possible in such a revolutionary situation. The same can be said of the Greek “bourgeois democrats”, whose acceptance of a dictatorship against the working class and the poor peasantry flowed from their previous tacit (or not so tacit) endorsement of the Germans’ war against EAM.

Churchill’s line in the Battle of Athens was risky, but it was the only way to stave off communism. The opportunity of holding onto the country was worth the gamble: Greece was a traditional stomping ground for British imperialism, of strategic interest as a window to the East Mediterranean, whose importance was now even greater in the context of the heightened confrontation with Moscow and with the creation of “People’s Republics” in the Balkans.

The readiness of Churchill to actively side with Nazi collaborators to impose a dictatorship in Greece says a lot about the “democratic” and “anti-fascist” credentials of Britain’s wartime leader. For Churchill and for the British ruling class the war against the Nazis was ultimately an imperialist struggle to defend the British Empire against German militarism. Although they used an antifascist and democratic rhetoric to win support from the British working class (which did have an interest in fighting fascism), the war was fought in the interests of British capitalism and imperialism for which, it goes without saying, proletarian revolution was a greater threat than fascism. Churchill’s real nature as an imperialist tyrant was never better revealed than in Greece in the 1940s.

It is worth noting also the hypocrisy of the liberal historians and intellectuals that raise a hue and cry about Moscow’s forceful imposition of Stalinist regimes across Eastern Europe. Churchill himself, father of the Greek post-war right-wing dictatorship, coined the term “Iron Curtain”. If any European country saw violence, repression, and foreign interference aimed at the imposition of a particular regime that was Greece, where the foreign intrusion came not from Stalin but from Churchill and Truman in defence of Greek capitalism. Stalin’s tactics were indeed perfidious, but no Eastern European country saw anything remotely close to the violence inflicted on the Greek people by British and American imperialism in association with the local bourgeoisie and the quislings, and which included the massacring of entire villages, the bombing of urban areas, the extensive use of napalm, the deportation of thousands of men and women to concentration camps on desert islands, torture and intimidation, the public decapitation of political prisoners… In the last round of the Civil War alone, more than 150,000 people were killed, with a comparable number going into exile, all to keep Greece on the “right” side of the Iron Curtain.

The role of the KKE leadership and Stalin

The mistakes in analysis, perspective, tactics and methods of the KKE leadership – due to its following every dot and comma of the policy demanded by Stalin, an open betrayal of the Greek revolution – in this period were immense. In October 1944, the Greek masses organised in EAM had power in their hands. Most of the country was under the control of their militias and people’s councils. In spite of this position of strength, it was the conscious decision of the KKE leadership not to take power and to join a bourgeois government under the auspices of the British. They thus granted the British and their Greek henchmen breathing space to strengthen their positions in October and November 1944. When the Germans pulled out of Thessaloniki, the KKE prohibited ELAS from entering the city, leaving it open to the British (although several partisan detachments disobeyed party orders and marched in). In Athens, the KKE maintained a relatively small armed presence, while it had over 50,000 fighters stationed outside of the capital. The KKE’s wavering at that moment paved the way for fascist dictatorship.

Through their understanding of the need for vigorous and bold action during revolutionary situations, genuine revolutionary Marxists are often accused of being violent and ruthless. However, historically in revolutions it is precisely the moderate reformists and the compromisers that are the most responsible for bloodshed. A revolution is a period when class contradictions in society mature and reach a breaking point, which can only be resolved decisively in favour of one or the other class. The ruling class in such circumstances is prepared to use any means possible to hold on to power, including the violent suppression of the revolution, as the rise of Mussolini, Hitler and Franco before the war had demonstrated.

In these circumstances, class conciliation is an act of wishful thinking that has no basis in the real balance of forces on the ground. By vacillating, the reformist leaders of the labour movement allow the regrouping and strengthening of the reactionary forces, giving them a lease of life and emboldening them, and thus preparing violent counterrevolution.

Through their wavering, they also confuse and dishearten the less resolute revolutionary layers. This stance characterised the KKE leadership in 1944. It also calls to mind the attitude of the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries during the Russian Revolution, who groomed Kornilov and the Whites; the Italian socialists’ derailing of the 1919-1920 revolution, that gave decisive impetus to Mussolini’s fascists; the Chinese communists’ Moscow-sponsored “democratic alliance” with the Kuomintang in 1925-1927, which was then drowned in blood by Chiang Kai-shek when he felt strong enough; or the position of the Popular Front during the Spanish Revolution, that in the spring of 1936 gave the counterrevolutionary generals ample space to plot and, after the fascist rising of July, systematically demoralised and divided the masses and gave a breathing space for saboteurs and defeatists.

The truth is that, however “violent” it may seem in its boldness, the revolutionary line that, through a correct understanding of the balance of forces, is able to strike decisively at reaction when the tide of mass mobilisation is rising, can actually prevent much of the killing of civil war and achieve a relatively peaceful transformation of society. The Bolshevik Party under Lenin was the prime historical exponent of this approach.

The disgraceful line of the KKE leadership did not end in the autumn of 1944. In February 1945 they signed the criminal Treaty of Varkiza kneeling down and surrendering before those who hitherto had been murdering them. While the White Terror continued untrammelled and the fascist paramilitaries reorganised, the KKE handed over several caches of weapons to the bourgeois government. The partial disarming of the militias was a criminal act that gave a free hand to reaction, leaving the masses vulnerable to its attacks. Over a year was spent being passively butchered, until the decision to take to the mountains was taken again in March 1946. Key cadres and fighters were lost to repression in the meantime.

The disarming of the partisans after the Treaty of Varkiza:

What was the reason for this folly on the part of the KKE leadership? During the Civil War, the party was headed by Nikos Zachariadis, a skilful organiser but who was also completely under the sway of Stalin, and followed his line at every turn. He had been interned in Dachau by the Nazis during the occupation, but made his way back to Greece in May 1945, taking over the leadership from Giorgos Siantos, also a Stalinist but perhaps of a more sincere cast.

The KKE leadership had received its political education from the Stalinised Third International, where fanatical loyalty to Moscow was instilled. It had imbibed the disastrous two-stage theory of class collaboration. Generally, the KKE leadership had made little effort to adequately educate its cadres in the ideas of genuine Marxism. As late as 1927 there was no Greek translation of Capital or of any of Lenin’s works (unsurprisingly, many classics were only translated by the Greek Trotskyists). The internal party regime of blind deference to the leadership stifled discussion and criticism.

In passing, it is worth noting that the hermetic nature of the modern KKE is not unrelated to their momentous historical blunders in the 1940s, which can only be glossed over by promoting an uncritical approach and imposing severe internal discipline. Interestingly, however, under the hammer blows of the current revolutionary developments in Greece, the KKE leadership has been reassessing some of its views on the past and allowing some self-criticism. For instance, it recently publicly rejected the Stalinist two-stage theory, i.e. they have officially abandoned the idea that first the party must work for the “democratic revolution” and only later, in a second stage, for the socialist revolution. This is an important development for the KKE today.

However, whatever the blame the KKE leadership may have had, it was Stalin and his clique in Moscow that were the puppet masters and who were really responsible for the debacle. To begin with, the dogmatism and inadequate theoretical level of the Greek communists was related to Moscow’s constant U-turns, dictated by the changing needs of the Soviet bureaucracy. This unprincipled zig-zagging generated confusion and led to a selection within the ranks, with the most critical elements being weeded out, and instilling unquestioning subservience. The volte-faces were followed by “re-education” and purges. In 1931, 33 leading KKE cadres that had been summoned to Russia were executed in Moscow. This was the tragedy of the communist movement in the 1930s: it was made up of extraordinarily brave and committed men and women, but it was at the service of a bureaucracy in the Soviet Union that had usurped political power from the Soviet working class.

However, the crimes of Stalin in Greece go well beyond his well-known manipulation of the communist movement. In the spring and summer of 1944 growing voices within the KKE had been pressing for a tough line towards the British and the Cairo politicians and had championed the seizure of power. Nevertheless, in the summer a Soviet military mission was able to liaise with the party through Bulgaria, forcing the leadership to moderate its stance vis-à-vis the British and to sign the Caserta agreement with the bourgeois politicians. In the pact, the communists agreed to endorse Papandreou and to subordinate ELAS to British General Scobie. This about-turn was hard to stomach, and Soviet General Popov had to personally defend it before the ELAS leadership. From then on Moscow would continue advocating conciliation at every turn. In the summer of 1945 a Soviet mission travelled around Greece defending compromise. This line only changed in 1946, when the situation of the KKE had become absolutely intolerable. Only at that point did Moscow allow (and then only tacitly) a return to the armed struggle. But by then defeat had been assured.

Why did Moscow follow this course? The conservative bureaucracy that ruled the Soviet Union was not interested in international proletarian revolution but in maintaining its own privileges. In October 1944 Stalin signed the secret “percentages agreement” with Churchill, where Europe was divided into spheres of influence – with Greece falling on the British side. Stalin was prepared to see the Greek Revolution drowned in blood if this was what was necessary to respect his pact with the imperialists in exchange for which he was left undisturbed in Eastern Europe, where he was establishing regimes modelled on the Stalinised USSR. The Popular Front theory of class collaboration was thus thrust onto a KKE that was being butchered by the so-called “progressive bourgeoisie”. A similar thing had happened in the 1930s, when the Spanish Revolution was held back in order for Stalin to seduce French and British imperialism (and that to no avail). The overt and cynical betrayal of the Greek proletariat should be remembered as one of the most heinous of the countless crimes of Stalin and the Soviet bureaucrats.

There is another concrete reason behind the betrayals of the Stalinists. The Soviet Union had played an important role in the liberation of most of Eastern Europe, which was now occupied by the Red Army. That gave Moscow a powerful instrument to impose subservient bureaucrats at the helm of the new governments. Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia, however, were liberated not by Soviet tanks but by mass revolutionary partisan armies that were beyond Moscow’s control, as evidenced by Tito’s break with Stalin. It is possible to assume that fear of these unruly and unpredictable mass movements played a part in the Soviet bureaucracy’s opposition to revolution in Greece.

Aris Velouchiotis

Many in the party were well aware of the folly of the line advocated by Moscow and by the leadership. Although many complied with party discipline, trying to adapt to the new situation, others realised that either a break with the official line was carried through or the Greek proletariat would be facing a catastrophe. Left-wing tendencies began to emerge. As mentioned above, already before the Battle of Athens the party’s rank-and-file was in a state of effervescence. On November 22, 1944 a gathering of provincial party activists had decided that a military showdown was inevitable. Such was also the position of the Athens section of the party, led by Vasilis Bartziotas.

After the December debacle, the main exponent of opposition to the party line was Aris Velouchiotis. He was a young militant from the town of Lamia who had joined the Communist Youth in the mid-1920s and during the war had led a partisan unit, becoming one of the most charismatic leaders of the resistance. From an early stage, he had championed the seizure of power and had been hostile to the Caserta agreement. On November 17, 1944, breaking party orders, Velouchiotis had called a meeting of partisan commanders and had told them to prepare for a violent confrontation. After the signing of the Treaty of Varkiza, he decided to take to the mountains with a group of followers and resume the armed struggle. He had warned: “The English are even worse than the Germans; if they succeed, they will impose a fascist regime with another name.” He called on the Central Committee to muster their armed forces and to openly confront the British, disbanding EDES if it were to side with the government.

The KKE leadership decided to expel him from the party, branding him as a “suspicious adventurist and a renegade”. This formed part of a general drive against internal opposition that saw the purging of 20-25,000 party members. In the spring of 1945 Velouchiotis travelled around rural Greece gathering a new partisan army, until he committed suicide after being surrounded by fascist battalions in an ambush in June 1945. He and his second in command, Leon Tzavelas, were decapitated and their heads hung up by the authorities in the central square of the town of Trikala.

Velouchiotis’ struggle was a heroic but unsuccessful attempt to redress the mistakes of the Stalinists. With the KKE divided, the leadership desperately trying to quieten any opposition, in the midst of brutal repression, with famine again on the horizon, and in the wake of the surrender in Athens, which had sowed bitterness and pessimism, the task of reviving a mass movement was colossal. His efforts to reignite the movement through sparse bands of guerrillas in the mountains were inadequate. What was needed was vigorous and organised agitation among the KKE rank-and-file throughout the country and focusing on the towns. For this, a reliable and experienced cadre base was needed which Velouchiotis lacked.

The Greek Civil War and the theory of the Permanent Revolution

The history of Greece in the 1940s once again shows the correctness of Trotsky’s theory of the Permanent Revolution. In the modern era the classical schema of bourgeois-democratic revolutions is obsolete. The working class is too strong, too independent and mature, and the national bourgeoisies too strongly connected to imperialism, monopoly capitalism, and landlordism, making the class antagonism between bourgeois and proletarians unbridgeable. There is no such thing as a “progressive bourgeoisie” that can meaningfully serve as the proletariat’s ally for democratic reforms. Moreover, modern revolutions cannot be held back within bourgeois-democratic bounds. Either they will quickly move in a socialist direction and address the historical tasks of the epoch of capitalist crisis or they will dishearten the masses and be defeated. This is particularly true in the struggle against fascist reaction, which by its very essence as a last violent resort of capitalism proves the insurmountable class antagonisms existing in modern society. As Trotsky put it, “Fascism is not feudal but bourgeois reaction. A successful fight against bourgeois reaction can be waged only with the forces and methods of the proletariat revolution.” (Leon Trotsky, The Lessons of Spain: The Last Warning, 1937)

In Greece we saw a successful struggle against German fascism waged by the proletariat and the poor peasantry on a revolutionary platform, while the national bourgeoisie capitulated to the occupiers or fled. Later, we saw the “democratic” bourgeoisie in alliance with “democratic” British imperialism, the quislings and the reactionary monarchists, turn against the masses and install a dictatorial regime, while the attempts by the KKE to hold back the revolution within its bourgeois stage of national liberation and democracy unravelled, being systematically betrayed by the bourgeoisie and sowing demoralisation. The only way of carrying out the basic democratic tasks set before the Greek proletariat was to overthrow the bourgeoisie and to take power in its own hands in alliance with the poor peasantry, which would inevitably have meant the continuation of the revolution towards socialist, anti-capitalist objectives.

Lessons for the new Greek Revolution

A new revolutionary situation has been developing in Greece. The profound crisis of capitalism has led to a leap in the consciousness of the Greek masses, which are becoming increasingly aware of the need for a drastic transformation of society. The process of radicalisation of the Greek people culminated in the recent electoral victory of SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left), which has come to embody the aspirations of the country’s workers and youth for a radical break with the old system.

The new government has promised to carry out some very significant reforms, among other things it has announced it will almost double the minimum wage and increase pensions, that it will provide subsidised gas and electricity to families that cannot afford it, revert the privatisation of the ports and the airlines, readmit the public workers that were dismissed by the previous government, reopen the public television broadcasting company, and (perhaps the most contentious issue) renegotiate the onerous debt payments.

These are not revolutionary demands in and of themselves, although if they were successfully carried through they would considerably improve the living conditions of the Greek population, and Marxists fully support these demands. However, the SYRIZA leadership has not adequately explained how it will fulfil these promises, except by talking of taxing the rich, combatting corruption, and negotiating a better deal with the EU and the big European banks and corporations it represents.

What the experience of the 1940s can teach us is precisely that any meaningful change will meet the opposition of the ruling class, which will do whatever it can to sabotage the reforms. Like the KKE in the 1940s, SYRIZA is sliding into the pitfall of believing that the bourgeoisie can come to reason and that it is possible to build a better Greece without coming into direct conflict with the ruling class. National and foreign capitalists have made it abundantly clear that they will not accept any significant reforms on the part of SYRIZA, and the recent provocations by the ECB bear witness to the arsenal of sabotage and blackmail that the capitalists are ready to use against the left-wing government.

A significant change since the 1940s, however, is that at present a dictatorial, fascist way out for the ruling class is highly unlikely. The social base for fascism (the petty bourgeoisie, small proprietors, middle and wealthy peasants…) is much smaller now than in the 1940s. Conversely, the working class is more numerous and powerful, and is strongly attached to the democratic and social reforms it won in past struggles. Moreover, imperialism is much weaker, and revolutionary ferment exists across Europe, especially in Spain. In short, the objective conditions for peaceful socialist revolution are more favourable now than they were 70 years ago.

The biggest challenge now lies in the subjective factor. If the leadership of the working class backtracks, it will demoralise its base of support and pave the way for a right-wing turn in society, which will see the growth of reactionary parties like Golden Dawn. We have seen how the wavering of the KKE in the 1940s disheartened its followers and strengthened and emboldened the right-wing. Nowadays, the more intelligent sectors of the bourgeoisie are aware that the best way to derail the Greek revolution is by forcing the present Greek government to betray its programme and thus prepare its own electoral defeat.

The capitalists’ fear of SYRIZA is not simply a fear of the left-wing reforms it has been championing (which in the current context of deep global crisis are indeed unbearable for the system). It is also a fear of the powerful revolutionary awakening of the masses that brought it to power and whose evolution is unpredictable.

At the moment, the announcement of bold reforms and its conflict with the EU commissioners has won SYRIZA widespread support. According to a recent poll, 80% of Greeks support the government programme, including sectors of the middle classes, which have been won over by the generalised enthusiasm. To carry through its programme and not to let down the Greek workers, SYRIZA cannot stop at half-measures. No conciliation with the bourgeoisie is possible; the ruling class will do anything it can to ensure the eventual downfall of the government and will set obstacles at every turn. The mistakes of the 1940s should be avoided. SYRIZA must hoist the flag of socialist revolution and expropriate the ruling classes. For this, the masses must be actively involved in making sure the leadership does not backtrack on its demands, and the party must be strengthened by adopting the programme of the Communist Tendency of SYRIZA to actively defend a revolutionary line.

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