1. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, (London: Wellred Books, 2022), chap. 1, pg 1.

2. Quoted in George Novack, “Marx and Engels on the Civil War”, New International 4, no. 2 (February 1938): pg 45-47.

3. Ibid.

4. V. I. Lenin, “Letter to American Workers”, Lenin Collected Works, vol. 28 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965), pg 62-75

5. Karl Marx, “Address of the International Working Men’s Association to Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America”, The Bee-Hive Newspaper, January 1865.

6. Abraham Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864, in The American Presidency Project.

7. Led by Cpt. Daniel Shays after the end of the First American Revolution, the Shays’ Rebellion of 1786-87 was a rebellion of the poor in Massachusetts, who were being crushed by high levels of debt.

8. Abraham Lincoln, “Speech to the Illinois Republican State Convention”, in The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, ed. Mark E Neely Jr (New York: Da Capo Press, 1982).

9. Ken Burns, The Civil War: A Documentary (Arlington: PBS, 1990).

10. Abraham Lincoln to a New Jersey delegate, in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher, Virginia Fehrenbacher (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), pg 100.

11. Alexander Stephens, “The ‘Cornerstone’ Speech”, in Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, Before, During, and Since the War, ed. Henry Cleveland (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1866), pg 721.

12. Karl Marx, “The North American Civil War”, in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 19, (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2010), pg 32-42.

13. Quoted in James M. McPherson, “America’s ‘Wicked War’”, New York Review of Books, February 2013.

14. Herman Melville, “The Portent”, Poetry Foundation.

15. Quoted in Wendell Garrison and Francis Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 2006).

16. Quoted in David Blight, “The Civil War and Reconstruction Era, 1845-1877: Lecture 10” (lecture, Yale University, New Haven).

17. Quoted in Richard Josiah Hinton, John Brown and his Men (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1894), pg 397.

18. Quoted in David Blight, “The Civil War and Reconstruction Era, 1845-1877: Lecture 10” (lecture, Yale University, New Haven).

19. Hans J. Massaquoi, “Mystery of Malcolm X”, Ebony, September 1964.

20. Quoted in James M. McPherson, This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pg 9-10.

21. Karl Marx, “The North American Civil War”, in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 19, (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2010), pg 32-42.

22. Abraham Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address”, in The Avalon Project, Yale Law School.

23. Bruce Catton, The Coming Fury: The Centennial History of the Civil War, vol. 1 (New York: Doubleday, 1961), pg 215.

24. Leon Trotsky, My Life (London: Wellred Books, 2018), pg 205-206.

25. Abraham Lincoln to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861, in Teaching American History. 

26. George Ticknor to Sir Edmund Heath, April 28, 1861, in Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor, ed George Hillard (Boston: J. R. Osgood and company, 1876), pg 434.

27. Quoted in Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), pg 138.

28. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant (Lost Packet Planet Publishing, 2010), pg 117, Kindle.

29. “Ulysses S. Grant,” The White House, accessed June 5, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/ulysses-s-grant/.

30. Quoted in John C. Waugh, Lincoln and McClellan (New York: Macmillan Publishers, 2010).

31. “A Criticism of American Affairs”, August 9, 1862, in An Unfinished Revolution: Karl Marx and Abraham Lincoln, (New York: Verso, 2011), pg 173.

32. Karl Marx, “American Affairs”, in Marx and Engels Collected Works vol. 19, (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2010), pg 178-181.

33. Quoted in John H. Brinton, Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton, Major and Surgeon U.S.V, 1861-1865 (New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1914), pg 239.

34. Abraham Lincoln, “First Annual Message”, in The American Presidency Project.

35. Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, in The New York Times Archive.

36. Karl Marx, “A Criticism of American Affairs”, in Marx and Engels Collected Works vol. 19, (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2010), pg 226-229.

37. Karl Marx, “Comments on the North American Events”, in Marx and Engels Collected Works vol. 19, (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2010), pg 248-251.

38. Ulysses S. Grant to Abraham Lincoln, August 23, 1863, in Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs & Selected Letters (New York: Library of America, 1990), ed. Mary D. McFeely and William S. McFeely, pg 1,031.

39. Quoted in James Albert Woodburn, “The Attitude of Thaddeus Stevens Toward the Conduct of the Civil War”, The American Historical Review 12, No. 3 (April 1907).

40. Quoted in Wilmer L. Jones, Generals in Blue and Gray, vol. 1 (Westport: Praeger, 2004), pg 26.

41. Quoted in Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822-1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000), pg 215.

42. Quoted in Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (Cabin John: Wildside Press, 2010), pg 70.

43. Quoted in James M. McPherson, “Lincoln as Commander in Chief”, Smithsonian Magazine, January 2009.

44. Quoted in Phillip S. Foner, British Labor and the American Civil War, (London: Holmes and Meier, 1981), pg 59.

45. Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat: The Centennial History of the Civil War, vol. 3 (London: Orion, 2001).

46. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”, in The Avalon Project, Yale Law School.

47. Jennifer Szalai, “When Frederick Douglass met Andrew Johnson”, The New York Times, August 2021.

48. Ken Burns, The Civil War: A Documentary (Arlington: PBS, 1990).

49. Quoted in W. E. Skidmore II, “Nothing but Freedom”, Rice University, accessed June 5, 2022, https://wes3.blogs.rice.edu/2013/03/01/nothing-but-freedom/.

50. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, vol. 1 (London: Penguin Books, 2004), pg 414.